The Evolutionary Aspects Of Fear Psychology Essay

The Evolutionary Aspects Of Fear Psychology Essay This paper presents an exclusive discussion of what is known about the biological basis of fear. In presenting this discussion, the paper shall explore the main concepts relating to the biology behind fear in humans with the main ideas being the definition of fear, the evolutionary aspects of fear, as well as the emotional response of the brain in the event of fear or anxiety. The paper shall also present an analysis that seeks to establish fear and anxiety as identical rather than two contrasting concepts as believed by many. In the discussion on the biological basis of fear, the study shall include biological evidence relating to the specific parts of the human brain that respond and react to fear. Introduction It is interesting how humans respond to fear, especially the bodily changes that take place in the event of an activity or something that triggers fear. Humans respond to fear in different ways, and their bodies react to unexpected situations of fear almost instantly. In response to fear, human bodies exhibit increased arousal, autonomic and neuroendocrinal activation and immediate expectancy among other spontaneous reactions. It is even surprising that fear triggers some emotional reaction in humans based on recent studies by psychologists. An interesting revelation according to empirical studies on emotions under the field of biology point to the fact that emotions are not just feelings as evolutionary studies would want us to believe. Emotions in human beings are accompanied by physiological and behavioural variations (Davidson, 2000). A widely accepted perception of emotions today touches on the fundamental ideology that humans experience emotions in three different but interrela ted levels: the behavioural level, the neurophysiological level and the psychological or metal level. Based on inference that emotions have a close relation to fear in terms of the mental or psychological state, it is possible to use such information to build upon the biological basis of fear (Walker, 2002). The consequence of predisposing factors that trigger emotions also tend to instil fear in human beings and this paper shall seek to unravel the biological basis of fear in terms of psychological and behavioural responses relating to biology. What is fear? Fear is a motivational state triggered by specific stimuli that result in or escape defensive behaviour. Enthologists believe that fear is an unpleasant emotion that comes about as a result of the perception that somebody or something dangerous is likely to happen. This unpleasant emotion triggers a form of defence mechanism that results in escape or counter behaviours. In terms of biology, a couple of neuoroendocrinal activations that are usually automatic mostly typify fear. This is essential in explaining the sudden escape of a person at the sight of a scary animal that triggers immediate activations in the brain (Strongman, 1996). This effective defence mechanism triggered by a stimulus instils fear. In this context, such instantaneous reactions to fear facilitate coping mechanisms used by the body to respond to cases of fear. The evolutionary aspects of fear The evolutionary aspects of fear mainly relate to emotional responses. Fear is a factor of de-escalating tactic interceded by the emotional (paleomammalian) part of the fore brain. As man and other animals evolved millions of years ago, they adapted differently to fear. During the evolutionary period, diverse types of fear characterized the universe and were responded to by animals and humans in dissimilar ways. Scientists conclude that the adaptations developed by humans during this period explain the response and reactions of humans towards fear (Strongman, 1996). However, a couple of fear such as the fear of height is common to all mammals because of the adaptations developed during the Mesozoic era. The fear of snakes and other dangerous reptiles came into existence during the Cenozoic era and is common to all higher primates including humans and apes. However, others such as the fear of insects and mice developed in the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods are unique to humans. Dur ing these periods, insects and mice became popular carriers of dangerous infections and diseases, which resulted in different adaptive measures by humans. Such fears are still common today (Iijima, et al., 1996). The emotional brain The emotional aspect of the brain occurs at three levels: the behavioural level, the neurophysiological level and the psychological or metal level. Theories of emotion touching on the brain reveal that bodily changes tend to follow directly the perception of existing facts and human feelings of the same changes according to the occurrence of the emotion. In other words, the stimulus that reaches the cerebral cortex part of the brain provokes intuitive changes, which are perceived as emotions. Other studies have advanced that the thalamus is greatly involved in the neuropsychological matter of the brain because such matters are subcortical in nature. A biological explanation on the emotional brain is that a stimulus from the environment triggers the thalamus, which transmits information from to the viscera and cortex, and back again to the cortex to engender an emotional state (Gray McNaughton, 2000). Specific parts of the brain that work together to trigger reactions to fear stimuli Amygdala The amygdala is part of the brain structure where a majority of neurobiological events related to fear occurs. It is located just behind the pituitary gland and respond in different ways to fear stimuli. Any fear stimulus activates the Amygdala to secrete a series of hormones that immediately influence aggression and fear (Vianna, 2003). As the process of secreting such hormones into the body begins, the Amygdala prompts the body into a state of awareness and alertness, which trigger instant response from other muscles in the legs and hand to get ready for take-off or a fight. As the essential component of the limbic system, the amygdala is critical in preparing the body to respond or react to fear by secreting hormones at the trigger of a fear stimulus (Borod, 2000). It integrates rapid and direct thalamic inputs that transmit a fear stimulus and imitates a cognitive process that prepares the body to respond or react to the threat. Hippocampus The hippocampus is touted as the central structure in the brain that engages in processing contextual information necessary to fear conditioning. Situated just next to the amygdala and connected to it by the subiculum and entorhinal cortex, the hippocampusà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s main functions is to condition fear into contextual information. The hippocampus conditions fear in circumstances that involve complex polymodal events by receiving impulses from the amygdala and integrating such impulses with prior information to ignite meaningful reactions that respond to fear (Davidson, 2000). Hypothalamus The hypothalamus plays a crucial role as far as fear response is concerned. It is responsible for controlling stress reactions and other body processes including emotions and moods. Through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HTPA axis), the hypothalamus controls the limbic, pituitary, adrenal and genadotropic aspects of the body. A fear stimulus sends LC (locus ceruleus) neurons to the hypothalamus, which activates the HTPA axis that triggers the stress response linked to fear (Lewis Haviland-Jones, 2000). The connection between the hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala act to activate the HTPA axis to respond to a fear stimulus. The hypothalamus receives sensory information from the lateral part of the amygdala, processes the information and relays to the central nucleus, which then projects it to various parts of the brain that respond and react to fear. Fear stimulus impulses relayed by various neurons activate the sympathetic nervous system, as well as the modulating syst em of the HTPA axis. This triggers a run or attack response, better known as a fight or flight response mechanism (Hyman, et al., 1999). Sensory cortex The sensory cortex is an essential component of the fear response mechanism. Immediate sensory data from fear stimulus collects in the thalamus part of the brain. After the collection of the sensory data, the sensory cortex obtains the data from the thalamus, interprets it and organizes the sensory data for dissemination to the amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus (Hirsh, 2004). Thalamus The thalamus also plays a critical role in fear response. The thalamus basically acts as a collection center, which gathers and collects information from essential sensory organs such as the ears, eyes and mouth. After collecting the sensory information from such organs, the thalamus has the capacity to determine where to send such information for processing. A fear stimulus from the eyes, hands or mouth sends sensory information through neurons to the thalamus, which collects and sends the information to the appropriate response organs for processing (Lewis Haviland-Jones, 2000). Fear conditioning explains the behavioural archetype displayed by organisms and their capacity to learn to respond to or predict fearful or threatening events. Fear conditioning explains why some people fear dogs to the extent that they become helpless at the sight of this à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“monsterà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. It is believed to depend upon the amygdala and the hippocampus in cases of contextual fear conditioning. Fear conditioning also explains the neurobiology of fear because touches on the essential components of the brain including the thalamus, the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, the amygdala and the sensory cortex (Lewis Haviland-Jones, 2000). Latest research findings point to the fact that researchers are beginning to develop interest on the neurological processes that trigger fear response mechanisms. Conclusion The biological basis of fear can be explained by the evolutionary concepts of anxiety and emotions and adaptations of human beings to different stimuli. However, empirical research findings have established a basis for explaining the biology of fear through the human mind the structures such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus and the sensory cortex. The outcome of predisposing factors that trigger emotions tend to instill fear in human beings as discussed in this paper. The biological basis of fear in terms of psychological and behavioural responses relates to emotion and anxiety, which is an advanced form of fear. Further research should be directed to the neurochemical processes that occur in the brain and the chemical components involved in response to fear.

The Adventures of Tintin

The Adventures of Tintin, known as The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the and enduring comic-book series—the thrilling, globetrotting exploits of the intrepid boy reporter Tintin, his loyal dog Snowy, and his quirky band of comrades. The Secret of the Unicorn. Though the subtitle was dropped and the film pulls from several stories, that’s the primary Herge book this first film is based on. The legendary author published about two dozen Tintin books in total but, instead of starting with the first one, Spielberg and Jackson opted to jump into the middle (Unicorn was the 11th book) because it introduced a very popular sidekick character in Captain Haddock.Since they didn’t lock themselves into a specific time in the Tintin mythology.Tintin (character)Tintin is a fictional character in The Adventures of Tintin the comics series Belgian cartoonist Herge Tintin is the eponymous protagonist of the series; a reporter and adventure who travels around the world with his dog Snowy. The character was created in 1929 and introduced in a weekly youth supplement to the Belgian newspaper He appears as a young man, 14–19 years old with a round face and quiff hairstyle. Tintin has a sharp intellect, can command any type of vehicle, can defend himself, is honest, decent, compassionate, and kind. Through his investigative reporting, quick thinking, and all-around good nature, Tintin is always able to solve the mystery and complete the adventure. Tintin's personality is neutral, which allows the reader to not merely follow the adventures but assume Tintin's position within the story. Combined with Hergà ©'s signature (â€Å"clear line†) style, this helps the reader â€Å"safely enter a sensually stimulating world.† Captain (Haddock)Captain Haddock is a fictional character in The Adventures of Tintin the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergà ©. He is Tintin's best friend, a seafaring Merchant Marine Captain. Haddock is initially depicted as a weak and alcoholic character under the control of his treacherous first mate Allan, who keeps him drunk and runs his freighter. He regains his command and his dignity, even rising to president of the Society of Sober SailorsThe Shooting Star, but never gives up his love for rum and whisky, especially Loch Lomond. In the adventure Secret of the Unicorn (and continuing in Red Rackham's Treasure he and Tintin travel to find a pirate's treasure captured by his ancestor, sir Francis Haddock (Franà §ois de Haddock in French). Captain Haddock becomes a socialite; riding a horse, wearing a monocle, and sitting in a theatre box seat (The Seven Crystal Balls). He then evolves to become genuinely heroic, volunteering to sacrifice his life to save Tintin's own in the pivotal Tintin in Tibet. In later volumes he is clearly retired. Throughout it all, the Captain's coarse humanity and sarcasm act as a counterpoint to Tintin's often implausible heroism. He is always quick with a dry comment whenever the boy reporter gets too idealistic. Captain Haddock remained without a first name until the last completed story, Tintin and the Picaros.Comparision:I love all the characters in Tintin, but Captain Haddock has a special place in my heart. Captain Haddock is undoubtedly the most appreciated character and everyone is in love with him. His confusion and forgetfulness is what i like most. Captain Archibald Haddock’s character certainly remains one of the most lovable aspects about the Tintin books. His cuss words were especially hilarious & quite unforgettable. Interestingly, in the earlier Tintin books Snowy used to be the wisecracking foil to Tintin’s comparatively bland persona; but after Haddock debuted, he took upon the role of counterbalancing Tintin, and consequently, Snowy’s role in the subsequent books diminished considerably. And I would like to believe that the river has just changed its course, it will someday flow through the familia r land of poetry once again

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Apple Stock Research Analysis - 950 Words

Apple: Stock Research Analysis Apple (AAPL) is one of the most high profile stocks in the world. Regarding its valuation, people are often confused by its high price. Even though the price is high, Apples valuation is significantly lower than its historical earnings growth rate and, more importantly, its forecast growth. Consequently, we believe that this high-profile growth stock that has recently began paying a dividend is undervalued at these levels. About Apple, taken directly from its website: Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile†¦show more content†¦However, since Apple has just begun paying a dividend, we are not yet including any dividends in our performance calculation. The following graph plots the historical P/E ratio (the dark blue line) in conjunction with 10-year Treasury note interest. Notice that the current P/E ratio on this quality company is as low as it has been since 1998. A further indication of valuation can be seen by examining a companys current price-to-sales ratio relative to its historical price-to-sales ratio. The current price-to-sales ratio for Apple is 4.30, which is historically normal. Looking to the Future Extensive research has provided a preponderance of conclusive evidence that future long-term returns are a function of two critical determinants: 1. The rate of change (growth rate) of the companys earnings 2. The price or valuation you pay to buy those earnings Forecasting future earnings growth, bought at sound valuations, is the key to safe, sound, and profitable performance. 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Introduction Apple Inc., is known to be one of the world’s most valuable companies. It is a multi-national company with a worldwide presence; approximately 72,800 employees and total net sales of $156 billion in the year 2012 (Apple annual report, 2012). Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, both college dropouts, founded this corporation in 1976 - â€Å"Steve Jobs, helped to transform the way in which the computer is used today through his creation of the first computer processing unit and his creative

Literary Analysis Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Essay

Through the use of empathetic language rather than anger,the well known-award winning author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie was able to capture and represent her personal ideas to those who haven t been exposed to feminism and to those who constantly slanders it.In her twenty-first century short essay,We Should All Be Feminists,Adiche addresses feminism and sexism as unsettling issues that all of humanity should be majorily concerned and aware with.She prosposes a solution to the detrimental and negative cyclical persectives that society has imposed on of feminists and women in general based on her previous experiences.By narrowing in on her very own life experiences and her deep understanding of the often covered up realities of the treatment of women and their reputations,she zeros in on what it means to be a woman in the present day, exposes the injustices they frequently ecounter and ultimately explains why we should all be feminists.She focuses on the idea the everyone including both men and women are both the problem and solution to the controverisal and sensetive topic of what is called feminism.By taking these necessary steps and raising our children to understand these steps , Adichie proposes this can finally end the cyclical problem. Adichie first realized the problem when she began discussing her initial experience of being called a feminist. She was was arguing with her friend Okoloma and he called her a feminist. Adiche blantanty described that it seemed more ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Novel Esperanza Rising 1776 Words   |  8 PagesFoiled, Again: Exploring Literary Character Devices in Esperanza Rising In the novel, Esperanza Rising written by Pam Munoz Ryan, character foil is a valuable literary device the author uses to add to and deepen the plot of narrative which illuminates the unique plight of Mexican-American laborers during the Great Depression. Commonly used in character development to draw attention to the disparities between two natures that have diverse values and independent goals; the foil is not always the relationshipRead MoreCultural Practices between Men and Women in Nigeria1858 Words   |  8 Pagesrights are labelled as irresponsible, ‘feminists’ or the male society blames the rebelliousness on hormones, but â€Å"literature has proved a worthy tool in interrogating the female condition†. (Chukwuma 2006). Novelist and short story writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie captured the essence of stereotyping in a talk titled, The Danger Of The Single Story, she gives an account of how she discovered her original cultural voice and she informs that â€Å"if we hear only a single story about another person or countryRead MoreAnalysis Of S Americanah Through A Post Colonial Prism4297 Words   |  18 PagesFaniyi 15 Kayode Faniyi 129013097 Dr. Solomon Azumurana ENG 894 REFRACTING CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE’S AMERICANAH THROUGH A POST-COLONIAL PRISM 1. Introduction Respected Marxist critic Frederic Jameson once described every instance of â€Å"third world literature† as necessarily nationally allegorical (69), an assertion spectacularly assailed by Aijaz Ahmad (77-82). But it is possible to close our eyes to Ahmad’s very valid misgivings and take a bird’s eye view of Jameson’s assertion: read in reaction

Position of Women in India Free Essays

â€Å"Savitri fought with the God of Death (Yama) and succeeded in getting her husband back to life. Can you find any instance in the scriptures or history where a husband was prepared to do sacrifice for his wife? If the wife is dead, he is ready to have a second marriage. Such unfair things are happening in the world in respect of women. We will write a custom essay sample on Position of Women in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now † -: Sathya Sai (Volume 31, Chapter 14 ‘Glory Of Womanhood’) When we look at the Hindu mythology we see that women are supposed to be treated as Goddesses. One of the most popular festivals of Hindus is the ‘Navratra’ in which Hindus worship Goddess Durga (the worrier goddess), Goddess Lakshmi (the goddess of wealth and prosperity) and Goddess Saraswati (the goddess of Knowledge and Arts). On the last day of this festival, the daughters of the house are worshiped. But still in India we see that our society has grown so favorable towards the males. Hindu’s, even after referring to the daughters as Devi (goddess), expect a widow to jump on the pyre of the husband, a practice known as Sati. Dowry is still date given (even after being criminalized) to the groom at the time of marriage. The Gender imbalance can be traced down to Manusmriti in 200 B. C. which lays down the duties of a woman. â€Å"In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent. † . The Manusmriti were used as a model for the framing of the Dharmashastra, which later became the local laws. Thus we can see the position of women in India today is because of century old traditions and customs. Even though the Constitution of India promotes gender equality through the notion of Equality and secularism providing a framework to treat all its citizens equal and commands that no discrimination should be made on the bases of one’s gender , gender discrimination still exists due to the presence of various personal laws. In recent years, India has witnessed many reforms for example the abolishment of sati and criminalizing sex determination. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (HSA) amends and codifies the law relating to intestate succession among Hindus and aims to lay down a uniform law of uccession whereby attempt has been made to ensure equality of inheritance rights between sons and daughters. It applies to all Hindus including Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs’ . The section 6 of the act is as follows: ‘Devolution of interest of coparcenary property. – When a male Hindu dies after the commencement of this Act, having at the time of his death an interest in a Mitakshara coparcenary property, his interest in the property shall devolve by survivorship upon the surviving members of the coparcenary and not in accordance with this Act. Provided that, if the deceased had left him surviving a female relative specified in class 1 of the Schedule or a male relative specified in that class who claims through such female relative, the interest of the deceased in the Mitakshara coparcenary property shall devolve by testamentary or intestate succession, as the case may be, under this Act and not by survivorship. Explanation 1. For the purposes of this section, the interest of a Hindu Mitakshara coparcener shall be deemed to be the share in the property that would have been allotted to him if a partition of the property had taken place immediately before his death, irrespective of whether he was entitled to claim partition or not. Explanation 2. – Nothing contained in the proviso to this section shall be construed as enabling a person who has separated himself from the coparcenary before the death of the deceased or any of his heirs to claim on intestacy a share in the interest referred to therein. For example, F (th e farther who had an interest in the coparcenary property) has two sons A B (who are also the members of the coparcenary) and a daughter D. In such a case on the death of A, D will get only 1/3 share from the share of A in the coparcenary property. While the sons A and B will get 1/3 +1/9 each. But this act remained under controversy as the laws of inheritance gave preference only class I heirs in a joint Hindu family. This included only the male members and excluded women. Due to this women of the family could not inherit the family ancestral property. But even before the amendment took place, in states like Maharashtra, and Karnataka, women were given equal rights. Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 For a very long time female members of the family were not considered a coparcener. The family property was divided only amongst the male members of the family. But then thanks to the feminist movements in India, the law commission of India submitted its 174th report in the year 2000: â€Å"Property Rights of Women: Proposed Reform under the Hindu Law†. In this report it was suggested that female members of the family should be included under the list of coparcenary thus giving them the right to inherit property. As a result of this report and other feminist movements, the Hindu Succession Act was amended and the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 came into force from 9th September 2005 ‘section 6 (l). Devolution of interest in coparcenary property. 1) On and from the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, in a Joint Hindu family governed by the Mitakshara law, the daughter of a coparcener shall,– (a) by birth become a coparcener in her own right the same manner as the son ; (b) have the same rights in the coparcenary property as she would have had if she had been a son; (c) be subject to the same liabilities in respect of the said coparcenary property as that of a son, and any reference to a Hindu Mitakshara coparcener shall be deemed to include a reference to a daughter of a coparcener: Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall affect or invalidate any disposition or alienation including any partition or testamentary disposition of property which had taken place before the 20th day of December, 2004. 2) Any property to which a female Hindu becomes entitled by virtue of subsection (1) shall be held by her with the incidents of coparcenary ownership and shall be regarded, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or any other law for the time being in force in, as property capable of being disposed of by her by testamentary disposition. (3) Where a Hindu dies after the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, his interest in the property of a Joint Hindu family governed by the Mitakshara law, shall devolve by testamentary or intestate succession, as the case may be, under this Act and not by survivorship, and the coparcenary property shall be deemed to have been divided as if a partition had taken place and,- a) the daughter is allotted the same share as is allotted to a son (b) the share of the pre-deceased son or a pre-deceased daughter, as they would have got had they been alive at the time of partition, shall be allotted to the surviving child of such pre-deceased son or of such pre-deceased daughter; and (c) the share of the pre-deceased child of a pre-deceased son or of a predeceased daughter, as such child would have got had he or she been alive at the time of the partition, shall be allotted to the child of such pre-deceased child of the pre-deceased so or a pre-deceased daughter, as the case may be. Explanation. — For the purposes of this sub-section, the interest of a Hindu Mitakshara coparcener shall be deemed to be the share in the property that would have been allotted to him if a partition of the property had taken place immediately before his death, irrespective of whether he was entitled to claim partition or not. 4) After the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, no court shall recognize any right to proceed against a son, grandson or great-grandson for the recovery of any debt due from his father, grandfather or great-grandfather solely on the ground of the pious obligation under the Hindu law, of such son, grandson or great-grandson to discharge any such debt: Provided that in the case of any debt contracted before the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, nothing contained in this sub-section shall affect– (a) the right of any creditor to proceed against the son, grandson or great-grandson, as the case may be; or (b) any alienation made in respect of or in satisfaction of, any such debt, and any such right or alienation shall be enforceable under the rule of pious obligation in the same manner and to the same extent as it would have been enforceable as if the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 had not been enacted. Explanation. For the purposes of clause (a), the expression â€Å"son†, â€Å"grandson† or â€Å"great-grandson† shall be deemed to refer to the son, grandson or great-grandson, as the case may be, who was born or adopted prior to the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005. 5) Nothing contained in this section shall apply to a partition, which has been effected before the 20th day of December 2004. Explanation- For the purposes of this section â€Å"partition† means any partition made by execution of a deed of partition duly registered under the Registration Act, 1908 or partition affected by a decree of a court’ The main objective of this act was to include women in the category of coparcenaries so that even the female members could inherit property under any circumstances which could lead to a situation of where the family property is being divided amongst its members . The author submits that this amendment gave women the right they deserv ed and which had been denied from the very beginning. This amendment also opposes Section 23 of the original act, suggesting omission of the same as it does not permit any female heir to ask for a partition. In the earlier act only a male heir could chose to have a partition. The amendment on the other hand does not interfere with the special rights of those who are members of Hindu coparcenary except to provide rules and certain other regulations for division of interest of a deceased male. The Author also submits that the anomalies which still persist are because of the retention of the core essence of the Mitakshara joint property system. The system believed that making daughter coparceners would affect the share of other Class I female heirs like the deceased’s widow and mother. This would be because the coparcenary’s share would in fact come from the Class I female heirs. Another problem is the fact that coparcenary remains a primary entitlement of the males in the house. By this system the male heir is put before the female heir as this legal set up provides that the male heirs should inherit an additional independent share over and above what they inherit with the female heirs. In the case of a ‘Hindu female dying without a will; her property divides first to her husband’s heirs, then to husband’s father’s heirs and finally only to mother’s heirs; more or less this property of a Hindu female is well kept and maintained within her husband’s hold. ’ . How to cite Position of Women in India, Papers

Adolescent Simulated Gambling via Digital

Question: Discuss about the Adolescent Simulated Gambling via Digital. Answer: Introduction: Alan Stokess article RSL must back pokies reform is based on the discussion related to the problem of gambling and the need to reform gambling limits in order to protect gamblers from destroying themselves and their families. The article was published in the Australian Financial Review after RFL was under the banner for pokies reform (Stokes 2017). Hence, the author argues against the action of the RSL clubs as its offer related to poker machines and gambling is destroying the lives of the vulnerable people. The authors way of conveying RSLs immoral action reflects ethos and pathos towards the issues of gambling for community. The critical analysis of the discussion helps to identify the strong argument raised by the author and identify any weakness in his point of argument. Stokes (2017) opens his discussion by explaining the prevalence of Management gambling culture due to the domination of poker machines in various RSL and services club in Australia. He affirms that excessive gambling is readily accepted in these clubs and he sets the tone for the rest of the article by raising the argument that moral authority of poker machine reform is questionable. The authors argument is indeed right because poker machine gambling has increased in Australia and regressive nature of gambling has a negative social effect on community lifestyle. It is creating space for addictive engagement (Adams and Wiles, 2017). In the article, the author also offers a criticism of pokie-rich RSL services and their poker machine reforms. Stokes (2017) highlights the history regarding the evolution of RSL and other service clubs. RSL clubs, the non-profit entity used their funds and surpluses gained from pokies to fund community causes. This explanation of the author is a strong point of argument regarding the morality of the actions and reflects the pathos of the argument. This is because the goal of the organization is for a good cause, however they are delivering welfare and social support on the cost of gambling. Providing people access to unlimited use of poker machine is in itself a negative pursuits which can cause more harm and damage to gamblers than benefits. RSL branches should have depended on the service people, peacekeepers and volunteer medical support staffs, however they are prospering on the basis of poker machines and gamblers. The intention and rational of the author for criticism is understood from the statement that RSL should now avail the opportunity to support Shergold reforms. This reflects and point out where the author wants his argument to go and culminate (Stokes 2017. This is a strong point of argument to correct RSLs immoral action because Shergold reform is an effective tool to set limits on gambling and using the poker machine. The Shergold reform offers mandatory precommitment of gambling limits for each players, displaying warning signs at the clue and setting ATM withdrawal limits at the poker clubs. Apart from reducing risk to gamblers, this reforms has financial benefits for clubs too as they will not have to worry about higher tax and stricter regulation for poker machine gambling then (Donaldson et al. 2016). The tone in which the author present this points shows that he is directly recommending a pathway to improve the situation. Although the pokies reform has benefits for clubs, however the author has considered the other side of the argument too. For instance, he points out clubs Australia report that this reform might disrupt the monetary flow from clubs to community groups and might have an impact on social support services. However, the author is prompt to offer suggestion to reduce this risk too. Stokes (2017) indicates the role of federal government in improving the situation. However, one weak point of this discussion he did not mentioned how exactly then can do it. It could be done by means of improving the condition of those working within the club and local communities, which they support. Finding new community-friendly revenue source might also help RSL to decrease their reliance of pokies and gamblers (Stokes 2017). From the critical analysis of the Alan Stokes article, the main point of Management discussion is clearly understood which is impact of RSLs poker machines pursuits on community. This indicates that RSL clubs are engaging gamblers in poker machines in the name of social welfare. The authors support is towards poker reforms so that club revenue is not reduced and protection is given to gamblers and their families too. Therefore, in order to respect the Anzac tradition, it is necessary for RSL clubs to respons to the call of the volunteer and support them in implementing harm minimizing reform against gambling addiction. Reference Adams, P.J. and Wiles, J., 2017. Gambling machine annexes as enabling spaces for addictive engagement.Health Place,43, pp.1-7. Donaldson, P., Rockloff, M.J., Browne, M., Sorenson, C.M., Langham, E. and Li, E., 2016. Attitudes towards gambling and gambling reform in Australia.Journal of Gambling Studies,32(1), pp.243-259. King, D.L., Delfabbro, P.H., Kaptsis, D. and Zwaans, T., 2014. Adolescent simulated gambling via digital Management and social media: An emerging problem.Computers in Human Behavior,31, pp.305-313. Stokes, A. 2017.Fight pokies misery in RSL club wars. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/comment/fight-pokies-misery-in-rsl-club-wars-20130423-2icnn.html [Accessed 6 May 2017]. Stokes, A. 2017.RSL must back pokies reform. [online] Available at: https://www.dailyliberal.com.au/story/874950/rsl-seeks-pokies-reform-trial/ [Accessed 6 May 2017].